Научный архив: статьи

The article deals with the process of struggle of the Komsomol organization with opposition and alternative associations of youth in Simbirsk (Ulyanovsk) province in 1918 - 1928. The authors on the basis of archival materials from the State Archive of Modern History of the Ulyanovsk region, ego-documents and periodicals, introduced for the first time in the scientific turnover, touch upon the formation of the Komsomol movement in the region, reveal the peculiarities of its interaction with the party and law enforcement agencies in the fight against non-communist youth organizations. The work scrupulously analyzes the process of obtaining the Komsomol monopoly on the implementation of work with young people. In conclusion it is noted that in Simbirsk (Ulyanovsk) provincial Komsomol organization and its subordinate committees, despite the regularly arising difficulties, managed to establish at a high level of interaction with party structures and securing the support of law enforcement agencies to carry out the liquidation of all alternative and opposition youth organizations operating in the region, providing itself a monopoly position.

Introduction/purpose: The presented review paper deals with the standardization proces for 5G technology and beyond and its impact on military communications.

Methods: Dominant methods such as analyzes and syntheses were provided for considering the key aspects of the 5G standardization evolution process through presentations of the roles of different Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standard releases and its implementation and usage in military communication networks environment.

Results: The background and key areas in 5G evolution and beyond are presented. Also, 5G standardization and military issues and challenges are discussed.

Conclusion: Standardization for 5G and the emerging 6G landscape is extremely complex and highly innovative with many rapidly evolving industry-driven and societal requirements. Standard development organizations, industry, and academia need to collaborate on standardization to facilitate worldwide interoperability. The paper gives an overview of standardization functionalities and efforts to improve 5G system performance as well as its impact on military communications and services. It analyzes the areas of major enhancements for the existing features and expansion to new use cases and industries as well as to military usage through the 3GPP Releases, starting from Release 15 as 5G Basic, over 16 and 17 as 5G Evolution, up to 18 and 19 as 5G Advanced which precede the upcoming Release 20 and the initial 6G network whose launch is expected by the end of this decade.

Introduction/purpose: The present work aims to carry out a static and dynamic investigation of composite beams composed of two elements connected together, with a partial interaction between the beam layers, while taking into account the interlaminar sliding effect.

Methods: A new interlaminar slip field which takes into account, for each layer, the axial displacement, the rotation due to bending, and the high-order transverse shear with a new warping shape function, has been introduced in this study. The equilibrium equations were solved analytically based on the principle of Hamilton. In addition, the numerical resolution of these equations was based on the principle of minimizing all energies using the Ritz method, while taking into account different beam theories. Afterwards, a comparative study was carried out in order to calculate the natural vibration frequencies of two composite beams made of steel and wood materials.

Results: It was found that the results obtained for the ten natural vibration frequencies are in perfect agreement with those reported in previous works found in the literature.

Conclusion: Further, a detailed study was conducted, depending on the geometric and material parameters, for the two mixed materials, i. e., concrete-wood and steel-concrete, with two interlaminar sliding fields, namely the classical sliding field based on the Timoshenko beam theory and a new interlaminar sliding field that is based on the high order theory. Furthermore, bending was studied in the static case in order to examine the effect of the interlaminar shear force on short and long beams.

Introduction/purpose: Organophosphates are widely used nowadays. They have applications as pesticides, drugs, plasticizers, flame retardants, or chemical warfare agents. Their acute toxicity is ascribed to inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE), a key enzyme in the transmission of nerve impulses in animals. Their toxic effects manifest by acetylcholine accumulation in the nerve synapses and can lead to paralysis or death. Organo-thiophosphate pesticides (OPs) are used in large quantities. Their oxo-analogs can also be found in the environment due to oxidation. Once accumulated in the environment, they exhibit toxic effects on non-target organisms.

Methods: The hydrolysis of OPs in different pH was systematically analyzed, and their neurotoxic effects were evaluated. The concentration of the investigated pesticides during decomposition was monitored by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). At the same time, a decrease in the toxicity of the treated samples was observed by measuring the activity of the enzyme AChE.

Results: OPs decompose rapidly in alkaline aqueous solutions but are highly stable in acidic solutions. Chlorpyrifos hydrolyzes the fastest and dimethoate the slowest. The toxicity of these OP solutions decreases over time, indicating that more toxic products were not formed.

Conclusion: The presented results can provide a sound basis for further efforts to find simple and efficient decomposition methods of OPs.

This article examines the use of the analytical form -p bar- as a means to express aspectual meanings and the conditions for its use. In the Old Uyghur language, which is considered one of the early stages of development of Turkic languages, morphological means are used to clarify the nature of actions. One of these means is the analytical form -p bar-. In studies on the Old Turkic and Old Uyghur languages, the use of the analytical form -p bar- to express the aspectual meaning of punctual action has not been previously noted. From this point of view, functional characteristics of this form’s use are investigated in the study. Analyzed examples serve as evidence that the Old Uyghur language had grammar means of expressing the aspectual meaning of punctual action.

The present paper introduces seven new manuscript fragments that have been identified with the Sanskrit Buddhist text — the Lotus Sūtra (Skt. Saddharmapuṇḍarīka). Until quite recently these fragments have had no pressmark and were revealed among the unregistered materials of the Serindia Collection (IOM, RAS). The fragments represent different parts of seven pothi-type leaves of paper containing Sanskrit text in South Turkestan Brāhmī script, which was used for recording Buddhist texts in the 8–9 cc. AD in Khotan — the largest center of Mahāyāna in Serindia (the Eastern part of Central Asia within the current borders of Xinjiang). Seven fragments bear clear similarities in terms of paleographic and codicological features (type of script, size and shape of graphemic symbols (akṣaras), number of lines and line-spacing, paper characteristics etc.). Given the express similarities, it is reasonable to assume that all the fragments could belong to one and the same manuscript. Furthermore, it was revealed that two new fragments almost join with those kept under the pressmarks SI 1934 and SI 6584 and represent altogether two relatively complete pothi leaves. After the identification and investigation these seven new fragments were assigned the inventory number and the pressmark SI 6781. This paper includes description of the fragments SI 6781, transliteration, comparison with the corresponding text of the Petrovsky manuscript (the most complete Central Asian copy of the Sanskrit Lotus Sūtra), English translation, and facsimile of two fragments.

Let p be an odd prime number. In this paper, among other results, we establish some congruences involving inverse of binomial coefficients. These congruences are mainly determined modulo p, p2, p3 and p4 in the p-integers ring in terms of Fermat quotients, harmonic numbers and Bernoulli numbers in a simple way. Furthermore, we extend an interesting theorem of E. Lehmer to the class of inverse binomial coefficients.

The motion of grain boundary (GB) ensemble in pure aluminum under annealing conditions at temperature 630 K is investigated by cellular automata (CA) method. Here, the CA method predetermines the computational grid following the grain boundary motion and grain growth. The motion of the GB is defined through mobility, energy and curvature of the boundary. The curvature of the GBs is measured by the Height Function method. The kinetics of the grain boundary ensemble is shown using the conventional Reed - Shockley function and neural network surrogate functions to determine the energy of grain boundaries.

The analysis and generalization of the calculation results of the structure, electronic and energy characteristics of graphene monolayer polymorphs L6, L4-8, L3-12, L4-6-12, L5-7 functionalized with fluorine, hydrogen and hydroxyl group atoms has been carried out. It has been established that in graphanes and fluorographenes, as the deformation parameter increases, the sublimation energy decreases and the lattice constant increases. The sublimation energy decreases in the sequence: hydroxygraphenes, fluorographenes, graphanes. The studied materials have a band gap ranging from 1.93 to 6.46 eV. It has been established that the band gap decreases with increase of sublimation energy. With an increase of the electronegativity of the attached atoms (groups), the sublimation energy increases, and the band gap decreases. Graphanes have the lowest sublimation energy and the largest band gap.

Maqola aniq belgilangan nazariy asosning muhim roli va savdo bilan bog’liq muammolarni bartaraf etish, raqobatbardoshlikni oshirish va iqtisodiy rivojlanishni rivojlantirishda savdoni osonlashtirish choralarini samarali amalga oshirish haqida. O’zbekiston va Markaziy Osiyodagi boshqa davlatlarning barqaror iqtisodiy taraqqiyoti uchun axborot bilan ta’minlanishning doimiy yaxshilanishi, ilgari surilgan qarorlar, apellyatsiya tartib-qoidalari va turli rasmiyatchiliklar muhim ahamiyat kasb etmoqda. Oxir oqibat, savdo tartib-qoidalarini soddalashtirish va tegishli xarajatlarni kamaytirish bo’yicha olib borilayotgan sa’y-harakatlar global miqyosda inklyuziv o’sish va farovonlikni rag’batlantirishning keng maqsadiga mos keladi.

The authors discuss the problem of digital facial recognition technologies in the context of implementation of individual rights and freedoms. The analysis is focused on whether their use is legitimate and on interpretation of the provisions behind the underlying procedures. The authors note a significant range of goals to be addressed through the use of smart digital systems already at the goal-setting stage: economy, business, robotics, geological research, biophysics, mathematics, biophysics, avionics, security systems, health, etc. Higher amounts of data and a broader range of technologically complex decision-making objectives require to systematize the traditional methods and to develop new decision-making methodologies and algorithms. Progress of machine learning and neural networks will transform today’s digital technologies into self-sustained and self-learning systems intellectually superior to human mind. Video surveillance coupled with smart facial recognition technologies serves above all public security purposes and can considerably impact modern society. The article is devoted to the theme of legitimate use of digital facial recognition technologies and to the interpretation of provisions laying down the underlying procedures. The authors’ research interests assume an analysis of legal approaches to uphold human rights as digital facial recognition systems are increasingly introduced into social practices in Russia, European Union, United Kingdom, United States, China. The purpose of article is to shed light on regulatory details around the use of AI systems for remote biometric identification of persons in the process of statutory regulation. Methods: formal logic, comparison, analysis, synthesis, correlation, generalization. Conclusions: the analysis confirms that facial recognition technologies are progressing considerably faster than their legal regulation. Deployment of such technologies make possible ongoing surveillance, a form of collecting information on private life of persons. It is noted that accounting for these factors requires amending the national law in order to define the status and the rules of procedure for such data, as well as the ways to inform natural persons that information associated with them is being processed.

The article contains an analysis of AI regulatory models in Russia and other countries. The authors discuss key regulatory trends, principles and mechanisms with a special focus on balancing the incentives for technological development and the minimization of AI-related risks. The attention is centered on three principal approaches: “soft law”, experimental legal regimes (ELR) and technical regulation. The methodology of research covers a comparative legal analysis of AI-related strategic documents and legislative initiatives such as the national strategies approved by the U. S., China, India, United Kingdom, Germany and Canada, as well as regulations and codes of conduct. The authors also explore domestic experience including the 2030 National AI Development Strategy and the AI Code of Conduct as well as the use of ELR under the Federal Law “On Experimental Legal Regimes for Digital Innovation in the Russian Federation”. The main conclusions can be summed up as follows. A vast majority of countries including Russian Federation has opted for “soft law” (codes of conduct, declarations) that provides a flexible regulation by avoiding excessive administrative barriers. Experimental legal regimes are crucial for validating AI applications by allowing to test technologies in a controlled environment. In Russia ELR are widely used in transportation, health and logistics. Technical regulation including standardization is helpful to foster security and confidence in AI. The article notes widespread development of national and international standards in this field. Special regulation (along the lines of the European Union AI Act) still has not become widespread. A draft law based on the risk-oriented approach is currently discussed in Russia. The authors of the article argue for the gradual, iterative development of legal framework for AI to avoid rigid regulatory barriers emerging too prematurely. They also note the importance of international cooperation and adaptation of the best practices to shape an efficient regulatory system.