Статьи

It is generally accepted by many scholars that British and American English vary greatly. This is not just a simple assumption about the phenomenon, but rather a well-grounded opinion. On the basis of extensive analysis conducted on differences between the two variations of English, linguists assume that the two vary mainly in grammar patterns and vocabulary choice. This article addresses the question of differences in vocabulary choice focusing on political vocabulary. It compares the most commonly used political words in British and American news reports and reveals distinct contrasts concerning word choice. A comparative analysis with the help of the corpus-driven approach has been chosen as the best procedure to investigate the material under study and demonstrate the mentioned differences.

In Bangladesh, banks are crucial for driving economic activities by channeling funds. This makes it essential to understand how bank lending impacts growth. This study offers valuable insights for policymakers to fine-tune financial policies, supporting stable and sustainable development. It delves into the intricate relationship between bank lending and the growth of economy of Bangladesh, emphasizing both short- and long-term effects. This paper looks at the causal relationships between bank lending and economic growth in Bangladesh, focusing on both short-term and long-term effects. To achieve the objectives of this study, time series econometric such as unit root test, Johansen Cointegration test, Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), and Granger causality test are followed. Outcomes from the stationarity test show that all data series become stationary at their first difference. The Johansen Cointegration test confirms a long-term relationship among the variables, while the VECM highlights a bidirectional causal link between bank lending and economic growth over the long term, where causality runs both from GDP to bank lending and vice versa. However, in the short term, no direct causal link is found between GDP and bank lending to the private sector. The study also finds that bank credit may impact GDP indirectly through investment rates, though GDP itself doesn’t immediately affect bank lending in the short run. These insights help shed light on the magnificent role of financial sector in supporting Bangladesh’s economic growth. Its findings can help shape financial reforms to achieve the country’s goal of reaching middle-income status.

Foreign direct investment (FDI) and trade openness serve as macroeconomic indicators that support economic growth. Numerous studies conducted in recent years have empirically demonstrated the significance of FDI and trade liberalisation. Historical data illustrates that Ghana operates as a net importer, posing several challenges for domestic firms due to the comparative advantage of multinational enterprises and economies of scale. However, the full extent of the theories surrounding FDI and trade openness remains incompletely understood across all economies. This study aims to uncover the impact of FDI and foreign trade on economic growth in Ghana. The study utilised time series data sourced from the World Bank spanning from 1985 to 2021, on an annual frequency. The econometric methods employed include a unit root test (ADF), Engle-Granger cointegration test, and multiple regression analysis (Ordinary Least Squares). The ADF unit root test indicated that the variables were non-stationary and integrated at first-order difference. The Engle-Granger cointegration test revealed that the variables are cointegrated. Regression analysis results demonstrated that both FDI and trade openness exert a positive influence on economic enhancement in Ghana, with GDP serving as a proxy for growth. Furthermore, the analysis showed that FDI has a positive impact on GDP per capita, whereas trade openness negatively affects it, utilising GDP per capita as the explained variable. Based on these findings, the study recommends that policymakers implement sound FDI and trade policies to foster economic growth in the country.

Foreign direct investment (FDI) has been crucial in transitioning Central and Eastern European countries from planned to market economies, facilitating technological modernisation, job creation, export performance, and regional competitiveness. However, FDI alone cannot solve economic development challenges; effective policies are essential for leveraging FDI as a catalyst for economic catch-up. This paper aims to derive economic policy lessons for emerging economies through a critical assessment of the Bulgarian experience in attracting FDI. It employs a methodological approach that combines quantitative analysis of key FDI indicators with qualitative evaluation of the policy landscape. Since the end of the 1990s, Bulgaria has secured macroeconomic and political stability as an important precondition for FDI, applying an open-door policy for foreign investors without strategic targeting. The country’s accession to the European Union in 2007 further enhanced its investment appeal. Nevertheless, the passive policy of reliance on a low tax regime and low labour costs without a strategic focus has led to unbalanced regional and unfavourable sectoral distribution with foreign investors crowding into the metropolitan area and sectors like non-tradable services and low-end manufacturing. Thereby, the Bulgarian experience, where the quantity of incoming FDI overshadowed the quality, demonstrates the insufficiency of a laissez-faire FDI strategy for maximising the benefits of FDI. The study underscores the necessity for proactive state policies in emerging economies that not only attract FDI but also ensure it fosters technological transfer and stimulates the economic potential of underdeveloped regions.

Infrastructure development plays an important role in reducing poverty, assuring food security and sustainable development of a country. One of the key challenges hindering the economic growth of developing countries is the lack of proper transport, Information and Communication Technology (ICT), and energy sector infrastructures. This research aims to examine the importance of transport, ICT and power sector in Ethiopia’s economic growth and identify the main challenges these sectors have been facing based on data obtained from different secondary sources such as websites of the World Bank and Trading Economics, official reports, and published works. Descriptive statistical analysis was implemented to describe the secondary data obtained, while graphs, tables, and charts were used to visualise the results. Despite the difficulties in establishing and sustaining necessary infrastructure, research indicates that the growth of Ethiopia’s economy is largely attributed to infrastructure development. Furthermore, year after year, progress has been made in each sector of development, though there are still obstacles to overcome. Poor quality of road, transport and ICT infrastructure have been key factors of poor development in the country. There is an imbalance between the power needed and the available power. Given Ethiopia’s abundance of resources, the country must continue to prioritise infrastructure development.

In 2018, China adopted the Environmental Protection Tax Law, transitioning from administrative fees to statutory taxes. The law aimed to incentivize enterprises to reduce pollution emissions through economic means, improve environmental quality, and promote the optimization and upgrading of industrial structures for economic development. This study seeks to reveal the mechanisms of the impact of environmental protection tax on regional economic effects, providing policy recommendations for achieving high-quality economic development and ecological environmental protection. The study analyses four key variables-environmental protection tax revenue, regional industrial output value, regional GDP, and regional industrial pollution control investment-from 31 regions in China between 2018 and 2022, forming a sample of 30 observations. A random effects model is constructed and empirically analysed using Python 3.12. The empirical results show that for every additional unit of environmental protection tax, the average expected growth of regional GDP is 0.1043 units. There are significant differences in the economic effects of China’s environmental protection tax on regions, and these differences have random effects. This study provides new insights and empirical evidence for understanding and evaluating the impact of environmental protection taxes on regional economic outcomes, helping policymakers assess current impacts and continue encouraging enterprises to adopt clean production technologies, improve energy efficiency, and promote economic structure optimization and industrial upgrading to support high-quality economic development.

This article analyses the sustainability of China’s economic growth in light of global challenges, focusing on macroeconomic changes in recent decades and their impact on the country’s economy. The study covers the period 1962-2022 and uses data from various sources, including the World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, and national statistical data from the People’s Republic of China. Correlation analysis methods are used to assess the impact of socio-economic indicators on economic growth, revealing signi cant correlations between gross domestic product and various indicators such as external debt, urbanisation, technological development, and the standard of living. The main conclusion of the analysis is that economic diversi cation and investment in high-tech industries are crucial for maintaining sustainable growth in China. The ndings indicate the need for future research assessing the potential for reducing the environmental impact of industrialisation and improving social policies in a changing global economy.

The present paper develops an invariant ontology of strategic interaction in a sociotechnical system using game theory tools. In the course of the research, ontologies are considered tools for modelling sociotechnical systems, including tools for social and technical process integration. The demand for these tools derives from the need to integrate people into technical systems as equivalent and equal elements that exert both external and internal influence on the system. Such sociotechnical models have already been applied to describe enterprise information structures, but they lack a description of decision-making between the system elements within the strategic inter-action. As part of the solution to this problem, an ontology-based model of a sociotechnical system describing the interaction of both social and technical elements through game interaction is developed. Each of the participants in the interaction is described in terms of game theory, with the allocation of possible strategies and the corre-sponding winnings. Through the interactive entities within the game theory model, game interaction takes place between the participant and appropriate behaviour strategy selection. The model is a exible, scalable tool for building simulation models of sociotechnical systems. The results obtained will be tested when real sociotechnical systems are built, and the ontology will be re ned according to the results obtained.

Республика Мордовия - небольшая национальная республика, где уровень конфликтности среди различных субъектов можно охарактеризовать как низкий. При небольшом количестве СМИ цифровые источники информации занимают важное место в жизни граждан региона. Цель - проанализировать Telegram-канал Главы Республики Мордовия «Здунов здесь», который выступает для жителей Мордовии источником информации и коммуникации. Методом сплошной выборки проанализированы записи канала с 2022 г. (с начала его ведения). Использованы методы качественного и количественного контент-анализа, синтез и сравнение. Исследование тематики и содержания контента позволяет сделать вывод, что канал является современным источником информации, который может соперничать со СМИ. Информация канала формирует не только имидж Губернатора Мордовии как актора политики и субъекта медиаполя, но и репрезентует пространство и жителей самого региона, показывает его экономический, туристический потенциал. Через канал «Здунов здесь» формируется опосредованный диалог между властью и населением. Выявлено использование приемов первоочередности информации, креолизации медиатекста, эмоционального заражения, привлечение лидеров мнения, очевидцев событий. Установлено, что формирование положительного имиджа Главы Республики Мордовия включает следующие характеристики: работоспособность, профессионализм, компетентность, доброта и человечность, жесткость, общительность, физическое здоровье, молодость, энергичность, любовь к Родине, внимание к людям.

The issue touched upon in this article refers to the extraordinary use of innumerable metaphors in one of the greatest works by George Gordon Byron – Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage. Among literary devices it is especially metaphor that is peculiar to Byron’s linguopoetic thinking. The linguostylistic and linguopoetic methods of analysis help to bring out metaphor as an important device for Byron. Through metaphors he portrays his heroes, their feelings and thoughts and makes the reader feel his powerful flight of imagination. The author does not convince the reader to make the resulting points, but he makes him/her indirectly judge the heroes and understand situations. Thus, Byron’s metaphors are the result of his linguopoetic thinking. They give a certain charm and musical perception through plain words and word-combinations, and serve as a bridge between physics and poetics across temporal and spatial scale.

E-headlines play an important role in shaping our interest towards reading different online articles and news. There are a lot of strategies and techniques of attracting the readers’ attention and one of them is the use of emotionally colored words. The aim of the present paper is to define the characteristics of emotionally colored words as lexical phenomena and to analyze special emotional word colorings in English e-headlines that are deliberately used to make an immediate impact on the readers’ choice. The famous western electronic newspapers and magazines like “Time”, “The Telegraph”, “The Guardian”, “The New York Times” and “The Sun” make the source platform of the current investigation.

In this article I discuss the comparative method in formal linguistics when applied to word order phenomena in Italian, English and German. I argue that the comparison has to rest on sound theoretical basis in order to reach interesting conclusions. These languages might prima facie all look Subject-Verb-Object – SVO – languages, with some puzzling issues arising in German. At a closer look however, I will show that English and Italian pattern together as their basic word order – i. e., SVO – goes, as opposed to German, an SOV language. Conversely, English and German pattern together with respect to a property typical, even if not exclusively so, of Germanic languages, i. e. Verb Second.